Nidalee (jungle) - Not really a "late game" carry, but you can invade the other guy's jungle easily and still be useful late game with spears/as steriod healing. You have the option to build tanky.
Malzahar - can make hell for melee champs, melts tanks 100 - 0. I don't recommend him in solo Q low elo because he's designed to protect a carry and be front-line burner, not a carry diver. He builds tanky and is weaker towards poke champs.
Brand - huge burst to trade in for no mobility. He does build tanky to compensate.
Azir - Safe laning phase, big zoner, good damage late.
Kalista- Can bully but not really a lane bully, consistent scaling, very safe teamfighter
Your criterea reminds me of Draven, but he has no escape. Also look towards snowballers like Pantheon - even if you drop at late game, playing them can help you get used to ending game by 30 min. Tryndamere can be strong in lane if you can cheeze the RNG.