True Damage is a third damage type in addition to physical and magical damage. It looks like Riot changed how the following works per the Wiki: True Damage and Magic Penetration
For example, you will do bonus damage when your armor or magic piercing is greater than the specific resistances of your opponent.
For example,
can melt about 20 mr through his passive, has 30 magic penetration with items like
for a total mr mitigation of 50. His opponent has 40 mr. Therefore Amumu's attacks will deal bonus damage because he melts 10 more mr than his opponent's mr. Its possible to do the same with armor, too. The bonus damage used to be in the form of true damage determined by another formula.
I'll sometimes go all in on melting magic resistances on Amumu by adding
and
. Its a squishier build but its deadly to Carries. Its roughly equivalent to 75 magic penetration.
So its possible through specific builds to increase the amount of damage you dish out.