Please explain to me how "every mastery" benefits ranged more than melee.

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Whoever said "every mastery" really meant "most masteries". In a 1v1 situation, like in Top Lane, the Ranged Champion has a much easier time attacking the Melee Champion, due to its... range... Example: Both champions have a mastery that gives them 5% bonus damage if they auto-attack from within a bush. It is equal for both, no special bonus for either. However, a Melee champion needs to be up close to attack the Ranged champion, which means the ranged champion is also most likely in the bush and benefiting from the mastery. This is not the case for the Ranged Champion though as they can attack from range while in the bush and the Melee champion doesn't necessarily need to be in the bush. Thus only one of them is benefiting.

We can use this example for pretty much any stat though, raw AD, armor pen, a 3 hit proc, ramping damage for continuous attacks, lifesteal, etc. The Ranged champion has the advantage of being able to attack the Melee champion without being attacked themselves. So they naturally benefit more from most masteries than melee champions do because of that one simple fact. This does not take into account any abilities for either type of champion because there is no reason to include abilities. It is the same either way.

its also important, that the ranged champion has the advantage of positioning.

the ranged champion can attack the melee champion while sitting in the bush. but if the melee champion is sitting in the bush, he cant use the ability unless the ranged champion is also in the bush with him, which he has little control over, unless youre and land a hook + chain cc to keep him there.

the ranged champions threat range is larger, which is why he can benefit from the bonus more often.

the same goes for that new mastery that increases dmage on the first auto attack. its a lot easier for a ranged champion to frequently get that extra damge on the melee champion with auto attack poke, than the other way.

when melee champions fight, they usually have to fully commit to the fight. getting the opportunity to commit to a fight is noticably rarer than getting the opportunity to poke and retreat from range.

i think the problem of melee v.s. ranged in this game isnt necessarily that the ranged champ always wins. but that this matchup is always entirely onsided depending on whos playing against who. there is no melee vs. ranged matchup that comes to mind that is even or close to even in this game.

either the melee champion stomps the ranged champion in lane without a chance, or the ranged champion stomps the melee champion without a chance.

but riot has been removing necessary ranged penalties all over the game over the past 2 years, and now it starts to show by ranged champions generally becoming more dominant in all lanes.