I've never actually looked too closely at the potential AP per item slot versus potential AD per item slot, and similarly the cost/AP and cost/AD.
If the potential AP's one can build are roughly 3 times as large as the potential AD's, then that'd explain why the ratios are outwardly different, but potentially the same in theory. Alternatively, if AP is 3x cheaper to build (even if the max possible AP is less than AD), then that would also contribute to differeing ratios being 'fair'. I suspect it's a combination of the two in practice, although perhaps the numbers could use tweaking.
(Also there's at least one edge case in veigar [and thresh I suppose] where one can build up infinite AP, but off the top of my head I don't think theres anyway to stack AD indefinitely [nasus stacking not being ad and just a bonus ontop of his Q], so that might also be a consideration.)
This isn't to say that the numbers shouldn't be tweaked, and 20% bonus AD versus 10% AP might be fairer, but I just want to make sure people aren't over-simplifying and seeing "oh, 30%>10%, imbalance!" and there's definitely math to be done versus it being clearcut from the numbers. Not suggesting the OP is doing so, but I'm sure theres people out there who might fall prey to that sort of thinking.