What champions can out duel a Vayne?
Without being a higher level or having more items?
Without being a higher level or having more items?

is a pretty good counter to Vayne in my opinion. She can lock Vayne down for a long time and burst her.
for instance a lot of mages with hard cc
It's been a while since I had this matchup, but as TF ADC I did this on regular base, Just rapid fire stun card, problem solved. Even if she gets a QSS I've never seen anyone below Dia using it with a perfect timing.
(not recommending, TF ADC here - he's terrible. But nearly everyone with hard CC can blow her up easily during every stage of the game. Only in very late things get a lot less clear - but in late nearly everyone can duel everyone else depending on itemization. xD)
well depends... in a fair fight? vayne ambushing them? or vayne being the one ambushed? it all depends on the situation. But usually anyone with hard CC or high burst should be able to out duel her
Vi building flat armour pen can deal with Vayne with assault and battery up.
remove the purifying light so she can't cast shadows :'3 extremely bad joke
While it isn't a duel, Lulu is one of the best Vayne counters around. Send Pix to start molesting her when the fight kicks off and your team can collapse on her due to the loss of Invisibility.
Yi can Q + auto her, but if she has a banshee or the edge of night, he is probably dead. Trynda with flash + ghost can survive her burst and chase. 1shot mages/assasins. AD Hecarim charging and ulting her. Nasus with flash, so he can dunk her. Quinn, Teemo, Kayle.
Vayne counters Quinn....
Most mages if they can land combo right. Assassins with good gap closers (kha with E+R, LB)
Any burst really, blow her up quicker than she melts you (i do well with Graves against vayne)

Burst and CC, a Riven with flash or a good wall hop should be able to take out Vayne as long as they aren't juked (doublecast combo works too, but that needs flash, not sure about Shy combo, if it's strong enough). Vayne should be squishy enough to be Q+auto+W+auto+ult+auto'd as long as they're even.
imo it will probably be fiora, since condem has a travel time she can easily counter it with w and stun vayne. Her Q is also an autotarget ability so even when vayne goes invisible as long as she is in range it will stab her.
but fiora is much harder to play than vayne, jist eanna point that out.