Counters to Current Big/Popular Picks
Ashe
His E passive will reduce the damage of her Q multi-shot basic attacks by 2/4/6/8/10 per shot, equaling a total of 10-50 reduced physical damage per attack during her Q.
Similar to Amumu, since Galio's W applies per damage instance, he will heal multiple times from Ashe Q basic attacks.
I haven't tested this yet, but Fizz's passive may also apply multiple times to Ashe's Q. Requires testing. If it does, Fizz may be an even bigger counter than Amumu.
Jhin
As soon as Jhin uses his R, you can use your R to knock him out of his ultimate. Due to your long range, you can almost every time use it right when he uses his. He should only be able to get off 1-2 shots depending on how close you are to him. You can tell where Jhin is based on the ultimate range outline.
What's that? Limited ammo? Why not make Jhin waste some of those precious bullets? Using Jax's dodge at the correct times can really mess with Jhin's combat pattern.
and
In a similar vein to Jax, negating Jhin's limited ammo is pretty big. Using Braum's shield and Yasuo's Wind Wall will really mess with Jhin's combat pattern and save some allies who are his target.
Gangplank
Currently the signature Gangplank counter, I shouldn't have to explain why he does since so many people know why. His poke and aggressive behavior really mess with his safe laning pattern.
He is a pretty big counter to Gangplank's lane. His shield can block Gangplank's Q and then block Gangplank's enhance passive basic attack. His poke is also good enough to make GP think twice about farming early game. His global presence can also help match GP's global pressure. However, GP's late game can still come around if it is allowed to, and Pantheon falls off later on so be sure to either rush the end of the game or get an equally late game carry for your team.
This is a little bit of a weird pick and not as big of a counter, but Vlad can help push GP out of his early game lane with his sustain and range. Not a huge counter pick, but it's an option.
Zed
I'm a little embarrased I even have to spell this out.
NEGATE
THAT
ULTIMATE
YOU
BUNCH
OF
DUMBIES
Gragas
Not when laning against him, but later in the game. A Yasuo that respects Gragas' presence can (especially now that the ult has a little delay) Wind Wall any of Grag's ultimates with correct reaction time.
I cannot stress how big of a counter Braum is. Just sweep those Q's and R's under the rug people. Sweep em' out!
This isn't a major counter, but if you are doing well as Olaf, Gragas can do nothing to stop you from engaging on your team.
Yasuo
He may be nerfed, but he is still a solid counter to the dashing samurai, even when he is building Tank thanks to his R % health damage. A good Malzahar can easily shut down a dashing Yasuo.
Unlike for Gragas, this is a legit counter. Yasuo can't use his ultimate if you can't get knocked up and Yasuo is pretty sustained damage-type so Olaf's serious combat sustain can really help when facing a Yasuo.
This is less to kill Yasuo and more to stop his huge team ultimates. Stopping those crazy tornados can enitrely prevent Yasuo from getting multi-kills.
He is a decent shut down to Yasuo early on. Tank Yasuo is not something he can kill, but Yasuo will have a hard time killing Pantheon as well.
If there is ever a Yasuo on the enemy team, Morgana is real, solid counter since she can grant an ally a Black Shield to negate his knock ups and her Q is essentially a dead Yasuo if it actually hits him. Her R can also shut down a Yasuo who is dashing around, hiding behind the wind, and just being hard to hit.
Instead of using your ultimate to initiate, try using to shut down an enemy initiation, such as Yasuo.
No matter how fed Zed gets, I can still burst him down after getting some boots and a core item.