thats ok for a guideline. the thing is you cant blindly build with out taking into consideration the enemy you are facing ( laning against ) and the team you are facing . if their Ap carry is fed stacking armor isnt ideal. if they are a heavy ad/crit comp getting MR dont really do much
your build path and items have to be fluid from game to game from situation to situation.
but for maokai as a champ you are gonna want these stats however you build to come by them, HP , CDR/MANA , ARMOR , MR
he uses his abilities to fight and trade and engage/peel so having mana/cdr to get more abilities off makes him more of a threat.
he is a tank/front line and his passive scales on his max hp so having HP increases the heal from his passive and allows him to stay alive to do his job as the tank/front line
having armor and mr just amplifies him being able to stay alive to do his job. this is how a champ like maokai is able to do a lot of damage, its not cuz he builds damage but cuz he has alot of cdr and tank stats to be able to sustain in prolong fights/engages allowing him to use his kit and the aoe with it to do a lot of damage over the fights.
now someone like me who pretty much only plays maokai i have some more advanced builds for damage and what i want to do with him. but ill save that for later it seems you need to understand how to build him and use him as he is designed.
as far as some of the items you built on him arent bad in general on him it just wasnt ideal for the game you were in.
frozen heart is good vs a lot of physical auto attackers cuz it is an AOE AS slow. but it provides no HP and just cdr/armor and mana.
so getting this vs 2-3 or more auto attackers is good. (like double adc comps , a jax or something that does majority of damage via autos but dont have crit )
thornmail is ok as an item vs a single lane opponent or one fed adc champ but it scales with armor and need more hp to make effective. but once again it is effective vs AUTO ATTACKS
i assume the chain vest + negatron cloak was going to be a stone plate? that is ok cuz you will make good use of the passive being in the middle of fights and the active makes you harder to take down. but once again in your build you lacked HP
if you were to play maokai top
is the most common 1st item build on him, it helps him clear waves , be tanky with armor and hp and give some aoe damage
i typically play him top mostly so my common build is
with these 3 items it gives me nearly everything i need
armor , hp, cdr, hp regen, mana, mr and they synergize with each other really well
such as mask helps the aoe sunfire magic damage and maokais damage in general
mask gives hp when you cast abilities which is amplified by spirit visage passive
when you take damage mask gives you mana to help you maintain mana
spirit visage increase your healing from passive
your passive is empowered by all items based on the HP and passive of spirit visage
you have 20% cdr , 60 armor 110 mr , 1250 hp, 300 mana plus all the passives and typically i will go ninja tabs as boots unless alot of hard cc
ill sub spirit visage if im vs a lot of magic dps/dot for 
from this being your core items/builds everything from there is situational for what you need to be effective
jungle maokai is very very similar where you get
into cinderhulk instead of sunfire.