In-game performance has no impact on your MMR, only whether you win/lose, and it's your final MMR that determines where you place.
The amount your MMR changes when you win/lose depends on the average MMR's of the people on either team, so premades and longer than average queue times can sometimes produce games that more significantly impact your mmr than others.
So for example, an new unranked player who duo'd with a high gold would be in games with a higher average MMR than his own, and so the system would expect him to lose, and have less harsh MMR penaltys. As such, if he went 0-10, he might still place high bronze. If he went 10-0, he'd have increased mmr gains from every match compared to if he was solo, and so could place mid-high gold (I've even heard of fresh accounts getting placed plat 5 after going 10-0 while duoing with a high mmr friend).
By contrast, if someone duo'd with a bronze 5, their individual mmr would be higher than the teams average mmr, so their mmr gains would be minimal, and their losses much bigger. Going 0-10 would almost certainly place them bronze 5 (and heck, even going 5-5 might still leave them low bronze, since their mmr losses would outweigh their mmr gains), while going 10-0 would probably still be low-mid silver.
Even someone going purely solo can still have some variance in their placement due to MMR as a side effect of long queue times or by random chance getting placed in a match with other premades, so it's hard to ever say for sure where someone will end up based solely on their W/L ratio.