Wait.
How did you post here? I wasn't allowed until level 30....
Anyway, just a silver 5 but whatever. Here I go.
The term "Unique" in an item means, can't be replicated. You can't buy multiple of. Well, you can, but the Unique passive would be useless except on the first item.
Second, "Unique Passive" with a name(EX: Enhanced Movement) cannot be replicated even on a different item.
THIS MEANS DON'T BUY MULTIPLE BOOTS. LIKE, EVER. YOU WON'T RUN LIKE SANIC.
AP and AD are Ability Power and Attack Damage. AD is fairly simple. It increases your basic attack's damage, as well as some types of ability's damage. Ability Power is ability specific, but more common.
Cooldown reduction only goes to 40%. After that, all cooldown reduction is void and you might as well not have it.
Runes and masteries are VERY important. They seem like a little thing, but they can save your life, get you a kill, help you win lane and game in general. Its very important.
There is a key meta to the game. As in, people do this, so do it.
Top lane goes fighters and tanks usually. People who can take a hit but deal damage as well, and still sustain. Usually melee, but you might encounter the mysterious creature named Teemo who will render your autoattacks null and void... try to bait out the blind on him then go in. If you can't win well, just sit under tower and don't feed.
Jungle is a mix of characters. Anywhere from a tank, to a fighter, to an assassin. Usually you don't use ranged or common supports though(except maybe Taric). At the beginning, all characters except Shaco(who you will later learn why, but don't play him early in your League experience) need what is called a 'Leash'. Its someone that sits by you while the monsters in the jungle spawn, and help you take that first jungle. They back off though so they don't steal it(usually). You most always want to start on the Kruggs(rock monsters) or Gromp(big toad/frog thing), smite it as soon as your ready to take it down, and then start going at it. Your leash should back off after several hits and allow you to take it.
Mid-lane are usually mages or assassins. Mages build tons of AP and basically just farm for the most part of the early game, until mid-late game when they commonly excel and help team fights a ton. Assassins variate between AD and AP and are basically... well, assassins. They assassinate. Burst down squishies(non-tanks or fighters, sometimes even fighters) and get kills for their team.
Bot lane are ADC's and tanks or supports. Marksmen are champs who build AD. They fight from a distance to stay safe and are commonly squishy. Some ADC's build a bit of AP, such as Corki or Kog'Maw. Supports tend to... well... support. They buff their ADC's with extra stats, heal them, tank for them, set up kills, etc.
Play easy champs to learn lanes. As recommendations for some to learn, start Udyr jungle, Corki ADC, Soraka(just spam heal and poke really) or Blitz support, top lane Malphite or Jax, and do Nidalee or Cho'Gath for mid lane.
Kinda low on time atm so y'know, but there's some basic tips. Good luck, have fun!