I'm guessing they provide CDR instead of more defense because more defense would equal an absolute shut-down of the champion you're looking to protect yourself from.
Riot has always adopted the philosophy of "No one thing should 100% hard-counter another one thing." This is why 'counterpicked' matchups can still go in the favor of the champion who's unlikely to win, or why QSS no longer removes things like Death Mark.
Because of this, items that seem to solve all problems, such as providing damage and defense, cannot provide high or even mediocre numbers for those stat increases, or else they'd provide a giant advantage over their opponent. However, the items still need to meet their gold value, and the value needs to be enough to hold an inventory slot. To accomplish this, they tack a perk onto the item which can provide an increase to both offense and defense without simply being a stat-check.
To summarize, adding raw magic resist to Maw or flat armor to Zhonya's would make the item too powerful, but the numbers as they are now are too weak. That's why they add CDR, an incomparable stat, to theses item, in order to make them a valuable purchase if the situation demands for a pseudo defensive item on a damage character.