That's not how math works...
if someone does x damage, over 5 attacks they will do 5x damage.
If they get a 20% crit item, then 20% of their attacks do 2x damage. 80% of their attacks do x damage.
Over 5 attacks, on average, one attack will do 2x damage and four attacks will do x damage, for a total of 6x damage. 6x/5x = 1.2, or a 20% increase in damage.
If a person gets Randuin's, then 20% of those attacks to 2x(0.8) damage, or 1.6x damage (for simplicitys sake I'm just taking the passive from Randuin's).
Over 5 attacks, on average, on attack will do 1.6x damage and four attacks will do x damage, for a total of 5.6x damage
5.6x/5x = 1.12, or a 12% increase in damage.
5.6x/6x = 0.93, meaning that Randuin's reduces the damage of someone with 20% crit to 93% of what it originally was, or by 7%.
If we take the same situation but add Infinity Edge's bonus damage (for simplicity's sake I'll stick with 20% crit):
The Infinity Edge attacks without Randuin's will do 2.5x damage. Normal attacks still do x damage.
Over 5 attacks, one attack will do 2.5x damage and four attacks will do x damage, for a total of 6.5x damage
6.5x/6x = 1.083 - an Infinity Edge's passive is an 8.3% damage increase if you have 20% crit without.
6.5x/5x = 1.3 - Infinity Edge crits with 20% crit chance are a 30% damage increase from no crit whatsoever.
With the Randuins, the crits do 2x damage.
Over 5 attacks, one attack will do 2x damage and four attacks will do x damage, for a total of 6x damage.
6x/5x = 1.2 - an Infinity Edge passive with 20% crit chance against a target with a Randuins provides a 20% increase in damage
6x/6.5x = 0.92 - Randuin's passive reduces the damage of someone with 20% crit chance and an IE passive to 92% of what it originally was, or an 8% reduction