If someone dodges, will I be placed with those same players in the next lobby?

There's a chance you will be grouped with some of them.

If someone on your team dodges, no. If someone on their team, yes, you could be placed with same players, depending on how many are still in the queue AND accepted.

Sometimes yes!

Sometimes. Sometimes people from your team get put on the opposing team. Just depends on peoples' MMR and how it needs to fill the group.

Most of the time, yes, there will be some of the same people.