The shield is surprisingly very fragile more so then
's passive and way more fragile then
's shield, there are many ways to break it without using your major source of damage or crowd control. Like auto attacking him and waiting one second, or auto attacking the nearby jungle camp so it targets him instead. The persistence is only one second though, after that though it has to wait until he is out of combat with any source of damage/cc that could pop his passive for X amount of time depending on his level. Here is the passive information taken from his wikia page:
Malzahar LoL Wikia
Void Shift: Malzahar receives Void Shift if he hasn't taken damage nor been affected by crowd control in the last 30 / 18 / 10 / 6 seconds (levels 1, 6, 11, 16). Damage from minions does not interact with Void Shift.
Void Shift phases out Malzahar, making him immune to crowd control and taking 90% reduced damage, lingering for 1 second after taking damage or blocking a crowd control effect.
Additional information: Void Shift will not mitigate true damage but the buff will be still consumed.