Doran's Shield is only good for early game. It's not going to magically heal 300 health after one auto if you walk away. It will heal 6 per 5 seconds + 20 over 10 seconds if you just took damage. If you took 60 damage and you have no lifesteal and you dealt no damage to the enemy, you still took a bad trade because in that 10 seconds you only got back 30 health, and it'll take another 25 seconds to heal back the other 30. It's also not good for extended fights. Doran's shield is only good if you only plan to take a minimal damage trade every so often. With no lifesteal to back it up, you're basically taking bad trade after bad trade if you take more than 30 damage + what you dealt to the enemy.
The reason Doran's Shield is good for ADCs is because they have lifesteal(warlord's bloodlust, vampirism) on top of it.