Annie Q, 220 base damage at max rank with 80% ap ratio and a 4 second flat cooldown. assuming you have 600 ap, which is actually LOWER than highest winrate annie build has full build, 700 dmg on a 4 second cooldown and 625 range click shot, no need for the opponent to step on a trap, or for you to land a skillshot. vs.
Caitlyn's auto late game, assuming she has 180 extra ad, which is standard build, lets bump that to 200 to be round and count masteries runes and drags. so 200 plus 91 from base, but just to keep that simple lets add that to 290. So if you step on a trap, she gets 190 extra, plus 70% ad ratio, so 393. Assuming she doesn't crit that would be around 680, and if she does then that would be up to 1500 something. Assuming that the player steps on a trap first of course.
So 80% of the time, a highly situational auto attack that requires an opponent to get hit by a skill that is clearly marked on the ground, will do 1500 dmg, the rest of the time doing 680, and can only hit once. But 100% of the time, a non skillshot ability that doesn't require the opponent to step on your trap or anything, can do 700 or over. It depends on the scenario, but if you value consistency, or if the opponent is good enough to not step on traps, then annie is clearly better there.
Another champ with fairly high damage would be veigar. So lets assume fully leveled full build veigar, with 120 extra ap, which honestly is pretty low, but lets just assume that much. With full highest winrate build, and the 120 ap, he gets somewhere around 800 ap. Now his q has 950 range and does 230 dmg, on a 5 second cooldown. Its 60% ap ratio bumps that damage up to around 700 something, now with this build's cdr, 30%, this cooldown goes down to around 3.85 seconds. So a 4 second cooldown spell, with at least 700 damage, that has 900 range is somehow worse than this unlikely scenario, that doesn't even have a full chance to kill them when it occurs?
Both Annie and Veigar aren't even considered good right now, and they have better burst consistency and damage than caitlyn normally will.