Kog'maw is the ultimate Anti Tank ADC with a long range nuke. His W is what makes him unique. Plus free Attack Speed and % health damage make him stronger in late game than other carries that perform similar roles to him.
Plus he's one of the few arc's who has a skill that doesn't cost mana
Also his passive is so fun to kill people with :)
If you look at the other three late game carries and compare them to log you'll see they all have different roles/styles of play
: A tank shredded, nuke dropping, range steroid tower destroyer who can poke from behind his team. A "living artillery" so to speak.
: A stealthy assassin adc with short range but poison effects and a team fight based ultimate.
: A un-escapable juking machine with tank shred on her W but also short range. Finishes off targets while running them down
: A slower scaling AD with the longest range in game. quick attack speed with a reset for escapes and chases. Can hit towers and objectives from far away like Kog but is more vulnerable early game and doesn't shred tanks as easily.
Hope this helps explain Kog'maw's role (Not sure what early game champs do the same as him so feel free to point any out)