Are there any mids in this game that can stand up to a snowballing top laner?

kite them for days kite them

basically a mage that can kite melee champions, with a disengaging tool

Assuming you're talking about champions like Fiora, Darius... mages would do well because you can kite them or just farm. If it's like Pantheon, Irelia then yeah no you can't really actively lane against them if they were fed.

This is pretty much the best bet you've got. You can slow them (Rylai's is "balanced"), silence, and supress. I've heard Malzahar described as LoL's version of chemotherapy

zilean. just perma slow them and revive anyone they kill