Gangplank is not a great late game champion, but his kit ensures he gets there before everyone else. His early game is abysmal; His teleport ganks are really poor and he can't deal with all ins. Instead of trying to shut him down, instead try to snowball your other lanes. All gangplank wants to do is sit on his barrels, farm, get his bandit gold from Qing you, and occasionally ult another lane to pick up some extra gold.
It's really hard to shut him down, especially as someone like Garen because he can farm from a pretty great range, and he gets extra gold from just about everything. Instead, focus on early objectives, and if he drags the game out to the point where he gets his 6th item while everyone else is working on their 5th, just remember, he's not get any stronger.
All this is assuming you know how to teamfight against him. If not, focus on learning that first before focusing on beating him on a macro level.