Ehh 15 from quints, 10 from glyphs = 25 from sorcery
But now you can get AP from specific runes as well, so I guess it depends but my typical builds certainly have me starting with more.
More MPen [in the old masteries]
Due to the removal of MR from glyphs... effectively no. Except in cases where some people didn't take MR glyphs, in which case yes. This is part of what makes things a bit wonky when it comes to the differences. 12 flat MR was very common, but it was still far from taken 100% of the time. But overall it is mostly like getting more MPen for most.
[more ]healing and AP in the old masteries
Healing is only slightly different if we're assuming Aery vs Windspeakers (and possibly target having runic armor). The previous masteries gave literally 0 AP.
more % damage [in new runes]
Actually less (no straight up % more ability damage in Runes Reforged vs 2% from old masteries), but the difference is rather small.
[more] damage from effects, and mana in new runes
Absolutely.
Non damage AP effects really did suffer honestly.
I think that actually depends somewhat on your build. Try runes that give AP if you want that. I think the bigger issue is certain champs, roles, and playstyles suffering from indirect changes.