i don't think theirs really a definition for falling off outside of "their kits just aren't as effective as others, late game", champions fall off for different reasons.
example:
and
both have similar playstles, you jump in stun someone then wail on them.
early game:
passive to block autos, high bases (as well as critting always on low targets) and ability to instantly stun someone makes him downright oppressive in the laning phase. Late game his damage becomes sub par, his ability to stun one person isn't very useful and his passive makes little difference.
early game:
does ok damage, doesn't have as reliable of a stun and easily punishable if he fucks up. late game his damage becomes insane cause of scaling, he can stun multiple people and his ult gives him free armor/mr making him hard to kill.
they both play similarly but are stronger at different points in the game usually because of scaling.