man you really make me cry ;D
you must have really missunderstood the concept of an assassin. a proficient assassin gets in, takes out his target and gets out. the guy who goes in and dies is a kamikaze-pilot and even if thats also some sort of assassin-ish role, its definitely not how talon or any other assassin in league of legends works.
this is generally how talon works in teamfights: he waits until the action begins and people lose their focus on him, then he runs in with ghostblade and probably flash, jumps on the backline, unleashes his burst and tiamat in one big instant combo and gets the fuck out until his cooldowns are back up. sure talon probably is one of the assassins who are more likely to die, but generally speaking you are not on a suicide mission here.
also, exhaust isnt there to get you out of mistakes. its EXACTLY to take out major threats for a short window of time so you can either ignore or fight them.
the only summoner spell designed for real noobs to get out of fuck-ups is flash, but you use that yourself so dont complain.
you probably just need to learn more about your positioning and timing. if janna has all her cooldowns inc. exhaust up, its probably not your timing to jump in yet.
also its funny how you talk about short CDs with talons ultimate literally having 33 seconds cooldown at rank5 with max cdr.