There isn't really a straight forward answer to your question. There isn't really a this adc counters that adc argument that cannot involve supports on both sides. Even mentioning Caitlyn's support, you just kind of call them dangerous. What do you mean by dangerous? Are you laning against a heavy poke lane along the lines of
/
? Is the enemy more of the stun and trap attack
/
? You will need to look at your support and figure out how you can play your adc with that support versus a caitlyn combo lane.
For example, if you are against
, they will probably try to xenith, stun, trap, ult, etc... They will try to all in you with leona leading the charge. A decent lane against the all in comp where their bot lane will be split up (leona will go all in, caitlyn will try to stay at range) could be utilizing a support that can either counter the leona engage completely (

) or stop caitlyn from being useful (
). The first group can stop xenith engage, or lulu can ult to negate that initial damage and shield. The second two, Braum can jump to you and put up his shield, preventing caitlyn auto's, piltovers, ulting, etc... and annie can just run to caitlyn as leona engages and stun/burst caitlyn forcing her to retreat.
As far as what counters caitlyn, basically gap closing. Caitlyn wins trades by abusing her range and out trading with more auto attacks or getting free harass. This is one reason why caitlyn counters vayne pre level 6. Once vayne hits level six she gets bonus AD with her ult and more importantly invisibility to gap close with. Twitch is also similar in this fashion(invisibility and increased AD with ult). If caitlyn does not secure a lead against vayne early than caitlyn doesn't really counter her that well anymore as vayne will scale harder into the game. This is also why Draven is good against caitlyn, Draven has massive out trade potential with his q, an as/ms boost with his w to close the gap, and his e displaces and slows. So if you can catch the caitlyn out of position with an e than you can really punish her.
However, your support is generally the one that will be making engages. So a great support against caitlyn is someone like
. Although any support that can make caitlyn out of position through cc is also strong if they can close the gap. This also depends what support is chosen. So if your support goes
and plans to hard engage,
does not fit very well. Vayne has a pretty poor early game so if leona jumps in at level 1 or 2, you can't really help. And caitlyn should be punishing you at level 1. However, if you go with a good fighter such as
or anyone with some burst, than you can really punish caitlyn when your support catches her and cc's her out of position.
You can also plan to play safely with picks such as
(your range will get decent pretty quickly and both of these scale really well).
Honestly, doing a breakdown of every champ doesn't really matter, as cait can play safely against almost anyone with her range and the support choices matter a lot. You want to be looking at what duo you are up against, what they are trying to accomplish, and how you can beat them. If you choose your adc first then you just need to worry about how to counter whoever they pick with your support. If they show caitlyn but not their support, then you choose an adc based on what you want to do (hopefully asking before if your support can back you up). Ie, I'm going to pick graves, can you pick a good engaging support? Maybe you will get something like
. You can also go the scaling route and pick tristana, vayne, twitch, and either plan to go in at level 6, or plan to just farm and outscale and ask for a disengage support.
Hopefully this information helps, but when trying to counter an adc/support duo bot lane, you really have to get a decent working lane on your side that has a plan and try to go with that. Also, the plan can change as the game goes on. If you get into lane and realize their support is just awful, take advantage of it. If some of this is too rambly or doesn't make sense just let me know and i'll try to clarify!! Good luck! :}