riot has all game replays for every game played. you dont have to download and send it to them. (ofc talking for a recent game).
unlike what Chermorg said, they will never watch it or punish that guy. they just dont watch such replays for random cases people report in player support.
when they rarely watch some replays, its very rare and it is to see patterns and enhance the intentional feeding system into seeing these cases.
a vmc employee will reply to your ticket saying thanks for the report, we will do an investigation but we cant disclosure any punishments that guy may or may not receive due to confidentiality reasons. what he will ACTUALLY do, is send to that guy you reported, in that specific game, an "intentionally feeding" report JUST AS you did after your game ended. nothing more. and ofc nothing more will happen than what would have happened if you didnt send the ticket.
if he is going to get banned, he would have been banned in the next 15 minutes after you reported him, or he is going to be banned because of another game and/or for another reason.
to answer the tilte-question of your thread, yes riot is able to. but they basically dont, ticket'ed or not.
noone is going to get punished for trolling/inting just from a riot support ticket (if he is not punished already from the intentional feeding system 15 minutes after the game ended), unless you see a rioter making a post or thread about it in forums.