first, a disclaimer,
know that i am only a silver player, so i may/may not spot everything that went wrong, but here's my 0.02 cents after watching the replay. (ony first 13 mins, because your question was generally based around the laning phase)
first, as laning started, i noticed you and your support were playing WAY too far from each other, i'm talking your on the river side/middle of the lane, and your support is jacking in the brush. to remedy this, simply play a tad closer to your support, because his general presence is a natural deterrent to your opponents trading. if hes too far to retaliate with you, ya damn sure they gonna take the trade because of a principle called "pressure" (tl;dr, if hes too far, hes not exerting any). next, i noticed your kiting isn't very good. don't just run strait backwards, try and string in some auto attacks to even out the trade. speaking of, when running, NEVER EVER EVER run in a strait line, when in danger of a skillshot like sonas ult, telegraph where they might aim it. predicting where they might shoot it helps a ton, escpecially because you moved in a strait line for so long, so you can move slightly to the left or right.
next, i noticed veigar actually landed a few nice cages, with tristana backed into the corner of it. rather then help, sona slightly retreats. you could have punished that pretty hard, because tristana has to either fight back 1v2, or get stunned and take free damage.
circling back to pressure, pay attention to how your opponent is behaving. if you re watch the replay, notice how as the wave began crashing under your tower, tristana backed up to river, but stood in lane at ~full HP. this right here is your que to begin acting aggressively because this is a sign that she doesn't actually have any assistance nearby, so you can either punish her greed or deny her farm.
this one might seem a little nit-picky considering you don't have many, but ya gotta ward the river or at least tri brush BEFORE a large minion wave crashes into your tower, or else you're just dive bait.
after tristana took your tower, pay attention to what you did. the first thing you did when you got back, was begin slowly last hitting minions, aka, you froze the wave. remember, the point of a wave freeze is to force your opponent to overextend, while you farm safely. if there isnt anyone in lane, you shouldnt be freezing because all that does is mitigate how much gold your OPPONENTS lose. IMO what you should have done is shove it, becuase at that moment you should know they backed, and the enemy jungler was on your map fighting your toplaner, so you could have shoved it into their tower and began damaging it, or better yet rotated to another lane (though tristana and sona didnt do this for whatever reason)
granted this specific case was more luck-of-the-draw im afraid, because your support was actually pretty sub-par. support veigar can theoretically work off of just harass, but he was playing WAY too passively. the guy didnt even finish his ward upgrade, he wet strait to mana/damage items, nor was he warding very much to begin with. he also kinda took questionable trades tbh. but the tips i gave were aimed at what you could improve.
hope this helps man
and Second Wind exist for a reason...