What do I do as a Melee vs a ranged top lane such as Kennen, Ryze, Quinn, etc?

Lose lane win game.

towerfarm, let him push and expose himself to a gank, theres no real way to come out ahead unless they make a mistake or unless you have gap closer + cc.

otherwise just try not to give him more than 1 auto per cs you go for. it sucks, but you can get minions to deal a lot of damage back to him in the early game.

Depends on which champion you are, really.

The first thing you can do is to not counterpick yourself - if you see one of these champions being picked and you did not yet choose your champion, you can opt to take someone who is better equipped to deal with ranged enemies ( or, in case of physical enemy damage, are rather strong in that regard, for instance).

Also, make yourself comfortable with the power spikes and advantages/disadvantages of these champions. For example, gettiing some Armor really goes a lot way in regard to shutting Quinn down.

Also, if you notice you are losing the match-up, try to salvage what you can, and try to not give the enemy more gold than necessary (both by not dying to him yourself and keeping an eye out whether your opponent stays in lane or goes to help other lanes).

Nothing because Riot wants it that way.

Against a Quinn, I'd farm hard and stack armor as quickly as I can. Against Kennen or Ryze, farm hard and stack MR as hard as I can.