I have to agree with you 100%. Everyone should begin the climb at the** BOTTOM, always.** Not someone who got lucky last season and got into a slightly higher elo that season (say Gold V- Gold III) and so when he/she played their placement matches this season they were placed in a higher elo (Silver I - Gold V) avoiding elo hell completely, only to then eventually fall back down to elo hell because their elo was not correctly calculated. While the players who are truly playing thousands of games and are legitimately trying are stuck in bronze/silver because they weren't given a starting lead or they messed up their placement elo previous season.
I had a friend who was legit bronze 1 and did not try at all every game and fucked around every ranked game because he deep down didn't enjoy the game and only played because everyone else did. He then got one of our other friends (Who was diamond 1 and Challenger in 3s) to boost him to Gold 5. Then the next season he didn't play any of his placement matches instead asked the same friend to play them for him. Naturally the same friend won all 10 and he was placed in Gold 4. From there he didn't play a SINGLE ranked game until the next season started and again he asked our friend to carry him and again he won all 10 placement matches...Do you know where he ended up after? Plat IV....Pretty sad isn't it.
While I'm sitting here grinding thousands of games only to realize half my team is either boosted, or legitimately new players playing their placement matches, or a smurf who was banned for being toxic and now polluting under a new account, or a player who was much higher elo last season but is on a losing streak and is paired with you, and I can go on and on.
As for the dodging of queue. I would have to agree, you should be able to dodge without LP penalty (The time penalty is fine) because as you said clearly, a lot of people troll and you end up losing the game before it even began. Not just troll but plain outright make horrible decisions in picking. Say we need a tank and the support goes Janna...Say we need CC and the jg goes Shaco. It's infuriating watching these people and they get in game and naturally lose hard and then if you say anything they yell at you for being "toxic". Yes it will take much longer for a game to start if this was implemented because everyone would dodge until they have the right composition but THAT'S THE POINT! Why would anyone want to play with a composition that would risk losing them LP in a RANKED game? What we are just suppose to sit there and take it while our team trolls or makes bad decision?
Also the surrender vote is also something everyone has been begging for. 20 min is way too long to wait for a surrender. Some games a lane is so snowballed that you can't do anything and are just sitting their waiting for the 20 minute mark to arrive. The second thing is if 3/5 people want to surrender then they have already given up and their morale is already broken and just want to move on. You can't force these people to play. They will just not try and pretend to comply out of necessity otherwise risk being banned. And if you do try then it takes over 40 minutes to MAYBE pull out a win and that's assuming the enemy team does not throw. How often does that happen? And if you do lose after spending all that time then you feel even more crushed because then not only did you waste so much time fighting a losing battle but you could have just forfeited moved on and may have earned those points back within the time you spent losing. Not to mention the fact that 3/5 is a majority...If Riot can't do basic arithmetic how do you expect them to properly adjust the elo system...