Wow, I have to say you gave good advice and analysis and its clear you are looking at the right items.
And I can back you up. I've seen a number of people complain that they can't get out of bronze and just about every time when I look at their champ selection I find that they play different champions constantly and often do poorly when they play.
To the original poster.
First, forget all about "feeders, trolls and AFKs" (oh my!)
They don't cost you games. Or at least they cost you far less than you think.
I can think of 2 games that are great examples of this.
One was one of my prelim games for ranked play. Right at the start my teams top laner DC'd leaving us in a 4v5. I rotated from jungle to cover the top lane and we fought hard for the first 15-17 minutes until the top laner managed to get the client to allow him back in. We went on to win the game.
The second was a normal game. The other team lost 2 players, so it became a 3v5. Believe it or not those 3 players managed to win the game. They didn't give up and managed to find some amazing synergy in their team comp. Yes, it was embarrassing to be on the side that lost, but I learned more than you might expect.
I also peeked at your results in ranked games. And I decided to look at your last few losses.
The most recent on Lux, its hard to see what you did wrong based on the stats. I'm not sure you can blame just the Singed. The enemy ADC had a very solid lead in farm and the enemy jungler has 18 assists. It looks like your team lost a pressure game and you couldn't carry hard enough fast enough. That happens.
The game before you were jungle Udyr and went 5/8/8. However the other jungler not only had time to outfarm you, but went 8/8/19. As a jungler you need to counter gank or counter jungle to prevent multiple lanes from snowballing due to the enemy jungler.
The one before htat you played Ahri into Kat. You claim you did "enough" but you barely beat Kat in farm, and she was getting lots of kills so she was roaming hard. Also it appears your Garen was having trouble with Cho'gath, did you roam top to help or did you leave him on an island to slowly get frustrated?
Before that you were jungle Nidalee and went 4/8/8. The key appears to have been top lane where your Tryndamere got wrecked by Darius. How much did you help there? Were you ganking often enough to give Tryn space to farm. Based on Darius getting 7.3 CS/min and Tryn only 4.0 CS/min I'd guess you didn't visit often, which means that Darius snowballed hard, but you didn't get any other lane going to compensate. Mid was close, but the Ahri there farmed worse than Tryn.
The key is that your KDA is somewhat meaningless. LoL is a team game. If you can't help the rest of your team you will lose.
I can go back to last night and my last game of the night. It was a normal and I decided to finally try out Bard. It turns out that my ADC was a second time Ashe player, so experience was an issue. I even confused my team at the start as I took W and visited top and then mid lane to drop off a healing shrine for those lanes. (and got thanked from my top laner for thinking of it.) This game started very slowly and 10 minutes in there had been a total of 5 kills. (the score was 3v2 in my teams favor.) I was concentrating on trying to keep my ADC alive and poking when I could. I ended up assisting on 18 kills throughout the game, but the key was that I fed Ashe. She finished with 11 kills and 6 were obtained in lane before we pushed the tower and started roaming. And it was little things. Wards in the right place. A well timed ult that froze Lebroken and allowed us to crush her when it ran out. A healing shrine left so I could back and get sightstone.... etc. It was not perfect play, but it was enough to help my team build the momentum for a dominant win.
But a huge part of that is that I "main" support. I probably play support in 7 of every 10 games and I've learned some of the subtleties of the position and the champs. That's what will get you out of bronze faster than any other method. It's a simple process.
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choose a role you will main and then 2 "secondaries" try for the main role, but if you can't get it use a secondary. Never play the other 2 roles in ranked unless you have no choice.
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Choose 3-4 champs for your main role and 2 for each secondary. Select one in your main role for your primary champ. The others are for if your first choice is banned/picked or to fill out a team comp. Those are the ONLY champs you play in ranked unless again you have no choice.
Note: This does not mean you select Katarina, Le Blanc, Zed (mid main), Riven, Cho'gath (top), Gragas, Rek'sai (jungle) as your 7 champs. Yes, some can be dominant, but any champ is good. Choose ones you enjoy playing and have some that aren't likely to be banned in every game.
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practice the champs you want to play.
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stay positive in games.
That's about all you can do.
And if you check my admittedly short ranked history you'll see I practice what I preach. I have played 5 champs in ranked play and other than maybe ending up playing an ADC or Janna for support that is all you'll see me play.
As I said I main support, and here is my pattern for champ/role select.
Sona - Support (always first choice)
Zyra - Support (if I feel she'll work better with the comp.)
Janna - Support (rarely, only if I can't play one of the others.
Sejuani - Jungle (was going to be my main before I switched to support)
Amumu - Jungle
Maokai - Jungle
Jinx - ADC
Ashe - ADC
After that I'm in trouble, but most likely I'll be able to keep it to those 7 champs. And it makes a difference. I hadn't originally planned on maining Sona, but after my first few ranked matches I realized that its easier to get the support role, so I started to switch. Unfortunately I wasn't ready and lost quite a few matches in a row, but I'm 7-1 in my last 8 with a minimum KDA of 4,00 in that time. The practice has made a huge difference.