Where you are right now you should try all the roles out but here is a low down.
Top: usually a tankier player who plays a bruiser(Darius, ekko, nasus, garen, renekton, poppy etc..) or full tank ( malphite, mundo, maokai, etc..). Do a lot of damage over time or just be annoying
Mid: Usually a carry role. Assassins and high burst mages go here(ahri, talon, zed, xerath, ziggs, etc..). Go this route if you want a huge impact on your team
Jungle: can solo carry games or feed just team kills. Easy if you hate CSing. (Shaco,Eve, sej, udyr, fiddilsticks, yi, etc..). This role can't turn a game by securing objectives or really good ganks.
Adc: end game carry really. Usually does the most damage but is the most vulnerable. (Cait,kogma, graves, ezeral, Lucian etc..) you can solo carry hard at this role if you are good
Support: the adc and your teams bitch. Considered a ward, used as a tool( you sacrifice yourself to the adc), and usually the major shot caller in the pros. (Blitz, naut, thresh<---- most popular, Janna, sona, etc..) you carry your adc to late game.