To my knowledge the amount of experience gained from time spent playing Normal Blind, Normal Draft, and Ranked queues do not differ in any meaningful way.
If you’re talking about champion capsules, you mentioned playing 10 games per day sometimes and not getting anything - this is because a large proportion of your leveling up in the new system comes from the FWOTD (first win of the day) bonus experience - thus someone who plays 10 games over 10 days (getting FWOTD bonus half the time, let’s say) will gain more experience than a player who plays 10 consecutive games (winning 5 of them) on one day, only getting one FWOTD bonus. It’s possible that you fall into the very small subset of extremely frequent players who are earning champions slightly slower than previously - and if that’s the case, I’m sorry.
Riot seems to want to encourage players to play a mild-moderate number of games every day instead of encouraging burst players (ex: 10 games in a day then 2-3 days off) or encouraging players who simply binge League for weeks on end. I’m not sure why they would care, but that’s what the system is based around - consistent play, not necessarily large amounts of play.
Keep in mind that there’s ways to speed up your champion pool even faster under the new system - you can still buy champions with BE directly (which, unless you’re in that small “frequent flier” subset, you earn faster than IP under the old system), for the same prices as they were for IP before. However, if you get a shard for a champion you want, either from your free level up capsule or from a free S-rank chest for a champion, you get a discount on the purchase price. This is a good way to expand your champion pool for cheap even if you don’t want to play the champion - instead of disenchanting the shard for a couple hundred BE, upgrade it if you think you may possibly want to play it. Even if you don’t ever play it, that becomes another champion you can trade to teammates to get pick priority in champ select in draft games.
This isn’t to mention that you get a chance of champion shards in S-chests to begin with - which is above and beyond the BE system (which is virtually identical to or faster than IP for the majority of players) - which gives you even more champion pool ability.
So I’m not sure why it doesn’t feel like you’re getting a lot of loot, but it’s likely that it’s just a psychological thing.