Well, if anyone builds lethality (Zed), you need to buy armor. Otherwise, you WILL die, especially if you're squishy. If you know they're building lethality and you intentionally don't, then you either are confident that he won't get to you, or you want to let him snowball you. Even if you don't build zhonya's right away, some armor is better than nothing.
Just wanted that to get out of the way since too many people neglect it. As for the specific champs, here's some small thoughts.
Zed: Generally a pain in the ass no matter who you play. He can specifically counter a lot of mid laners, which is why he's banned a lot in solo queue. I find good poking champs like Vel'koz and Zerath can out range his poke without putting themselves in immediate danger. The champs you like mostly lack the range to trade well without getting hit or even ulted, Zillian's ult can counter Zed's ult though.
And like I said, you DO want Zhonya's. Not usually as your first item, but you do at least want to get stopwatch when you can.
Yasuo: I personally find him weak early on, but because people like dying in lane a lot and Yas is a snowballer, I can see people don't like him. Early on, he'll do nothing put pokes until he hits level 6, which is a big powerspike if he lands his tornado (or has good teammates). He counters a lot who rely heavily on projectiles, and unlike Zed, he really can be a team's carry. You do seem to like champs that could fight him, so you might be able fight against him.
But it is important to understand how his kit works, He can move fast, throw a scary tornado, but a lot of these are fairly predictable once you see them enough. So two big tips. 1: Learn from your games wjere you play against him. 2: Don't be afraid to run away, because if you die once, he'll kill you a second, third, and 8th time.
Riven: She's typically a top laner, so I don't quite get how you have issues with her, though I assume you main mid laners. I could go into more detail, but generally as a mid laner, you'll jst want to keep your distance, don't let her get in too close, and just burst her when her shield is down since she has no other tankiness or sustain.