It's based on your (hidden) mmr compared to that of your opponents. If you win a bunch of games versus golds until you mmr is gold-ish, but you're in silver, then you'll gain a lot of LP for wins and lose relatively few for losses. Similarly those with a bronze mmr in silver would gain relatively little LP for wins and lose lots for losses.
Your mmr goes up and down based on the mmrs of those who you win/lose against, so it can be linked to your win/loss ratio, but grouping can throw off the mmr's involved so you can sometimes end up in a game where your personal mmr is much lower than that of your opponents average mmr (and so winning nets you a pretty big mmr boost, but doesn't hurt it much if you lose), and vice versa.