Triforce gives an extra 200% of the base attack damage for a champion on their next auto attack. At early levels yeah, this can be enough poke to win a duel. But it isn't the biggest power boost in the game. In fact, items like Infinity Edge, Bloodthirster, and Ravenous Hydra are all much larger, much more consistent, boosts.
Triforce procs are on a cooldown. Meaning that they aren't going to be happening with every single attack. But flat AD boosts, or crit damage increases, are working on every single attack, or every crit that happens.
Let's look at some math. Assume a champion has about 80 base AD at the level that they finish their Triforce. Congrats! Your Triforce proc will be dealing an extra 160 damage on your next auto attack. Considering that if they rushed the Triforce, not accounting for runes which are readily available to all players, you'd be looking at 110 AD with 160 extra damage, so 270 physical damage. This damage can not critically strike. This damage can apply lifesteal, but at this point they don't have any. All it's doing is basically giving them, at that point in the game, a little over one auto attack's worth of damage.
It's a brief burst. A burst that costs mana to perform for most champions, although not all, and even on the champions who don't need mana for it they still have cooldowns to wait for before they can use it again. First the 1.5 second cooldown on Triforce itself, and then they have to deal with all of their spell cooldowns because of those are out, they won't be procing Triforce for several more seconds.
Now let's look at a standard top laner, again with 80 AD, who finishes a Hydra. They're now dealing 155 AD off of every single auto attack. They can also then deal this damage immediately afterwards with using Hydra's active, when if close enough for an auto attack will deal another 100% AD to whoever they're dueling, so in the same window of time that a Triforce user has hit for 270 physical damage, AoE physical damage at that, they just hit for 310 physical damage. And that Hydra proc? It just reset their auto attack timer. So before the Triforce user has even been able to get ready for another auto attack, the Hydra user is already using a second auto attack, meaning that in the time a Triforce user has used one boosted auto and is getting ready to use another auto, the Hydra user is dealing 465 physical damage. Damage which CAN critically strike later in the game. Damage which is already benefiting from lifesteal, and is doing so on all targets hit if it's happening during a minion wave. It's healing them while the Triforce user has no such healing going on.
Now this isn't accounting for the damage that, say, an Irelia would do with the Q she used to close the gap to jump in on someone and use her proc. But if Irelia was being allowed to calculate damage with an ability, so would someone else. Know what happens when a Wukong uses a Q? It hurts you, and shreds your armor, meaning that his physical damage is more effective than Irelia's. Shyvana? She can use her Q to reset her AAs, the Q boosted one hits twice, then another AA, then the Hydra proc, and another AA using two resets to achieve 5 autos in the span most other champs would need for two or three. Renekton? He used an AA, his W for an increased stun and more damage, an AA after the W reset, Hydra for a fourth damage addition and a second reset for a third AA. All of these would be far worse than an early Irelia Q's damage potential. Or an early Ezreal's Mystic Shot, or even Corki's Phosphorous Bomb.
How about an ADC? At this point in the game they have the same 80 AD. They finish an Infinity Edge, giving them another 80. They just doubled their damage to 160 AD on every single auto attack. Autos which naturally are already occuring faster than top lane or jungler counterparts in most cases. They're also doing this at range, farther than many of the champions you listed can use gap closers to close in on them and use their Triforce procs. And that isn't even accounting for crit. Just by the numbers every 4th would be a crit, but there's nothing stopping that crit being the first one they use on you. If so, they just dealt 400 physical damage off of one attack. No use of a spell beforehand. Not even needing to get close to you to do it. They blasted you for as much as a Hydra user would have to methodically apply AA resets to reliably do. And the next attack? The dice rolls in their favor, so the Tristana attacking a little over once per second just dealt 800 damage in the time it took a Triforce user to use their mobility to get in close enough to hit the ADC. And then the ADC burns a dash or jump ability to get some distance and fires off another shot, which then crits again. Three shots and they've dealt 1200 physical damage while the Triforce user has burnt a spell and is taking free harass just to deal a measly 270 physical damage + spell damage, whatever that may be.
In all honesty, Triforce is used on the people who's kits revolve around it. People who take time to find their openings to deal a quick burst of damage and then back away like Irelia or Gnar. Or people who give up damage potential to stay close a bit longer like Vi or Rek'Sai. It's like complaining that Infinity Edge or Bloodthirster need nerfs because ADCs can double or quadruple their constant damage output with one or the other, or that BotRK and Hydra should be nerfed because top laners use them to outsustain their enemies or to push their lanes harder.
You're complaining that an item is working exactly as intended, and it isn't even as powerful as other equivalent items unless used well by the person behind the player. The item isn't broken. Putting yourself in a situation where a Triforce user can stay on you long enough to get off multiple procs while using their spells is what's hurting you.
Plus a solid half of the champions you listed don't even build Triforce. So there's that.
