Not all the roles have must-plays, like thresh and lee, who just have so much potential but are very challenging to play at that level. But in the spirit of what you're looking for here's my best shot at it
ADC: I think you need 2 adc champs, one who can poke at a distance (i.e. cait) for a poke or sustain lane. and one for kill lanes who will win in trades (i.e. lucian, graves) If it could only be one champ i might take jinx who can sort of do both. A lot of people would say tristana these days too.
Mid: there's a lot of variety in mid. I think popular opinion would say yasuo is the champ you must know, with zed and talon close behind. I would say you must know a champion who can deal with these 3...
Top: currently ryze seems to be shining in top. dealing with those melee bruisers with style, so maybe know him. Also know a way to deal with him, i'm still working on that...