If you go to champions, on your profile page, it should tell you when you scroll over a champion if you received a chest for them or not. It doesn't matter if you've gotten any ranking before then. If you own a champion, have not gotten a chest with them for the season, and get a new s-,s,s+ rank, and have a chest available, you should receive a chest. So weekly champs don't work, unless you own a champ that is in the free weekly. Here's an example of it showing a chest aquired :). I hope this helps.
Own a champ, have a chest available, get a s- or higher grade with them! 1 chest per champion per season, I believe.
https://s32.postimg.org/fn3rkmw85/Chest.png
Ahri, Annie, Ashe, and Azir have a special boarder, that will tell you if you have gotten a chest for them or not.