Garen has a very simple kit. Straight up damage, a one target silence, it's all why he's good for new players. At his core, how well you play him depends on how well you do with the basic mechanics of the game. If you pay good attention to your wared areas and use your Q at an good time, you can escape a gank before it comes. Pick out the right target so you can execute them with your ult, even if they aren't the villain. Things you would already learn from playing top lane anyway.
Pretty much any range champions like Teemo and Gnar can serve a counter to him. He can run a little faster with his Q, but it's not a real gap closer. Because of this, he can be kited very easily in lane. Extra tenacity from and even the Unflinching rune will help him get even more freedom when combined with his abilities.
With that said, Garen has really good sustain with his passive. If you can avoid fighting the other laner for a while, you'll get back much more health then they would, and you'll be at a advantage the next time you decide to trade blows. This also pretty much acts as a built in Warmogs, so you really don't have a reason to get it.
You seem to build him as a solid tank. Right idea, but Garen isn't a true tank. He's a juggernaut, so he values a combination of damage and tankiness, though he does favor tankiness.
is standard, but important as it helps shred that armor and get even more movement speed. You're not just in the midst of the fight to tank damage, you're also in their to try and hurt everyone around you. Aaaand maybe get a kill steal with your ult.
is an item for pure tanks, as they tend to stay in the fight the whole time to deal constant damage. Because Garen isn't a pure tank and values stepping out of a fight sometimes, this is not usually an ideal item for him. It might be good for wave clear, but his E can already do that, and against an another champion, Black Cleaver will likely do more for you anyway.
.
That's pretty much all I can think of for now. Didn't think I would get this detailed.