Glad to see you want to get better.
Sadly, no and no. Yes, they have carry potential, but as I said, anything can carry you out of Bronze, regardless of role. The champs you listed aren't that easy to play and require advanced mechanics and would take too long to learn properly. Yes, you can have easy games, but the thing is, you need to focus and make sure as many of your games are "easy" as possible, but if you play those champs, for a good amount of games, you won't have easy games, quite the opposite, you will have hard games.
Focus on the ones I listed, they can get you to high gold if you learn them properly. Here's why:
- The ones you listed have their own mechanics or other things they need to focus on (Kat's daggers, Kart ult, Jhin bullets, etc), so they can distract you from what's more important: Macro play.
- The ones i listed have no special or complicated mechanics/combos. You just smack people, so you can focus on what's more important: Macro play.
Macro play if decision making, what you do, where you can go to help the team, etc. So if you play the ones I listed, they kinda force you to learn to be better at macro play because their kits are simple, so there are no complicated mechanics that win you the game. It will be you and your decision making, but most players in bronze don't have good decision making, so if you improve there, you will win more. Yes, you will be called "brain dead", but who cares? You win because you have better decision making, while they try to win with flashy combos.
Focus on the map? Free Baron? Take it. Free Drake? Take it. Need to split push? Do it. Need to team fight? Go there.
Those things are easier to learn on simple champs than on stuff like Kha, Vayne, Kat, Kart, Jhin, etc. That's why I listed the champs I listed.
Don't listen to other players who say "you need to play X to get out of bronze because you always get idiots", play what you like. Yes, I gave you advice on what to play and why, because they will help you get better as a player, instead of at a champ.
If you get better at Kat, and learn how to win lane, manage daggers, etc, you will have problems when you don't play Kat, because you still have that macro play issue. But if you learn mid with Annie, and have good macro play, it will be easier to learn Kat later.
TL:DR - the ones you listed do have carry potential but aren't easy to pick up and play correctly, so your carry potential is hindered by that and you will have little to no impact unless the enemy is idiot. The ones I listed will help you get better as a player, which is what will help you climb. But in the end, play what you want, but don't focus on champs that people say "these champs will carry you because they are hard to deal with", like Vayne/Kha/Kat, etc. Plus Kat might get another nerf next patch, so let's wait and see what happens.
Feel free to ask me anything you need*[slayer-jinx-catface]*
jungle (or even mid), 
/ 
bot, full AD 
jungle, (yes eww about this one but) 
(someone who can permanently push and has no problems to 1v1 / 2v1),
for bot, yes 
is kinda support reliant during his laning phase, so if you have a premade support, go for it, otherwise I'd tell you not to.
mid is a good idea if you know how to roam once you're ahead of your lane and take advantage of it (and really fun to play / master, you always learn new tricks with her), about 
, not a good idea imo but I don't play this champ at all, so can't tell you here.
(because most bronze players don't know what to do anymore once they're behind). 
can be good if you know what you're doing, if not, don't