A question with questionable outcomes

So I'm sort of new and I've been playing a lot of adc, mostly Ashe, with a friend who supports(read carries) me, lol. I've experienced some things I don't understand super well. I've been looking into things but this is a pretty big game, but there are some things that seem unfairly stacked against me in lane. I know a lot of people complain on boards and I'm sorry if I'm contributing to that but I would really like to have some more experienced players help me understand why this is and why it's fair enough not to deserve changing. Here are two examples:

First thing is I go against Yasuo every so often, sometimes we win the game and sometimes we don't but never actually win lane or even come close. He tends to do more damage than me and take less even without his wall thing, most curiously even when we build similarly. It could just be that everyone brave enough to try it is just better at the game than I am now, which is a big possibility but I would love to have some confirmation that it's not horrible for no reason and I can eventually be good enough to win out with enough practice and experience.

Something else I've noticed is a few supports like Thresh and Nautilus do a lot of damage early on, like beating me in a 1v1 in my minions a lot. This one is less about skill, we usually just hit each other and I die, and I can fight them later so it's not like it bothers me a lot. Is being able to fight an adc on your own a thing supports are designed to do early on? In solo lanes stuff like being in your minions and having more attack speed seems to matter a lot so I'm curious if the difference is intentional and if so, why?

Mostly it seems like I'm only intended to be strong under really specific conditions which don't seem to apply to other lanes and it's a little discouraging to not really seem useful until the game is almost over, so mostly I'm looking for some hope that things will seem less difficult later when I'm better. Sorry for adding to the boards syndrome if I have. Thank you very much for your time!