I will respond to you the best I can, mind you I have not looked at your past games, mmr, or your profile at all. I'm gonna give you some general tips that will help you get out of bronze if you use them correctly.
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Champion pool: For bronze one of the issues people have to get out and get better is their champion pool. A lot of times the pool of bronze players is very large or even they don't have a pool at all and they play what they think counters this, or combos well with that. So narrow down your champion pool to 3-5 champions, at least 3 being your main role and 1 or 2 being your secondary role. And when it comes to those champions I would suggest that most of them be a carry time or an off carry type. Example: If you are top a carry type would be Riven, an off carry type would be Darius. If you are mid a carry type would be Ahri, and off carry type would be Azir. And this goes for all lanes even support and adc. You have to understand all of the champions and their playstyles and where they fit into the comp you have, this may require a little research but if you think about their kit you should be able to understand.
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Own up: I don't know you, so I don't know if you do this already but this is a tip that is good for all levels of play but is crucial to get out of bronze and silver. Never blame your teammates for anything that goes wrong in the game. Never, even if they do something really stupid and causes your whole team to fall behind. Post game, maybe point out to them why they shouldn't have done something, but never talk about the game DURING the game. This lowers morale, causes people to tilt or rage, and it just doesn't help anyone. And if you mess up, your first thought should be, "how can I stop that from happening again" or "how could I have dealt with that better". Always own your own misplays and faults and think about them so that you can improve for the next game.
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Relax and calm down: What I mean here is in general keep your cool. Don't get too excited and don't get overly confident or I guess you could say "involved". This is something that I have trouble with in the sense that I will be in a league match and I will get so into shot calling for my team or telling them things we can do and rotations and things like that, that it drains me and distracts me from playing my best because I get too excited during the game. It is fine, awesome actually, to start calling shots and suggests and rotations to the team to strategically take the win but if you get too into it or over excited your individual play will suffer. This also applies to the other side of things, you should always think about what you do wrong and your misplays yes, but sometimes it is good to forget and save for the post game, or simply say "that was bad I'm not gonna do that again" and leave it at that. You will make a lot of mistakes across all levels of play but if you go too far with the owning up part this also can cause you to distract yourself from your own play and your skills will suffer. So just don't get too excited and don't overwhelm yourself with positivity or negativity. This is especially true in your promos.
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Have fun: This is a concept I learned for myself only recently. I used to play games like a robot and base my pick/ban phase solely on, who counters who and who combos with who. This was bad for me because I strayed from my winning champion pool and I didn't have the proficiency with some champions that I did with the ones who originally allowed me to climb. Play the champions you like, whether you get flamed in champ select or not, because ultimately if you are having fun, even the slightest amount of fun or enjoyment, you will succeed and you will play better. Play the champions that you enjoy, you like their abilities, or even just their backstory or how they look. If you get stuck in a 45 minute game playing an unfamiliar champion because your team told you too, most of the time its not gonna end well. But this doesn't mean to go teemo adc or ap lulu jungle, off meta can be fun at times and sometimes can work but when you want to really climb and get to higher levels of play its best to stick to the meta and what is best in each role, there is nothing that make hardcore rank players angrier than a norm player bringing in all their crazy impractical tactics and builds to lose a game that the other 4 players are trying their hardest to win.
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Last tip, try to win: What I mean here, is try to win but ACTUALLY try to win. This is something I struggled with and still do sometimes, and I think most players in rank struggle with often. Sure you can be very good with mechanics or very good at lane phase or very good at getting CS and pushing towers. You might even be a 17-3 zed who can 1v1 anyone except for the ramus on the other team. But ask yourself, are you actually trying to win? You may say yes because you get a lot of kills and have a lot of items. But look at the map, look at drag, baron, and scuttle. Do you control all of them? Do you have vision in the necessary places to control the movement of the enemy jungler or mid laner? Do you have all the summoner timers for your lane opponent? are you setting up plans to gank bot and rotate drag into taking mid outer? The answer is no, no you aren't trying to win. Even if you are doing good, or fantastic in lane or ganking bot a lot. Ask yourself, how can we close out this game? What objectives can we take or deny to give ourselves an advantage? If I am successful in this gank, where should we rotate to get even further ahead? Now that we are ahead what is the next objective to push our lead and use it to crush the enemy team? What lanes are pushing and what lanes need to be pushed? Before we take baron is top lane pushed in? Do we have vision control? How does mid look? Where is the other team? I know its a lot of questions, but that is what separates good players from great ones. You have to actually try, rank is for competitive players and competitive players take advantage of all opportunities they get.
These are the biggest tips I have for you, I am only a gold player but it was due to these tips that I was able to get it after such a rough year of ranked for me and with terrible mmr due to being a very poor sport in early 2016 and late 2015. I use these tips and some I need to improve on, but I use them, that is why I am in gold. Once I improve with them I will get plat. How do I know this? Because I try in each game I play, I actually try. So if you want to get out of bronze these guidelines are what I suggest you follow.
Based on the comments below, I will assume you play top? Add me on league if you want anymore advice. If you do play top I have played top since season 3 but recently moved to ADC but I have a lot to say about top lane so feel free to add me.