Well we have Dynamic Queue with it's Dynamic Drama.
Viktor can 1 shot people with 2 abilities that aren't even ultimates. He also still has a 180 AP item that I'm surprised hasn't been nerfed in accordance with other AP items.
Azir is a huge offender having an escape that has long range, self peel, long range damage, and insane level damage.
Ryze hasn't been Olaf'd yet so he can be reworked without being cancer in the game.
Kindred's auto attack still deal too much but let's nerf every other part about her.
Ekko was literally gutted as an assassin and jungler. (Cause let's not make him more assassin by removing some utility.)
We still haven't buffed old devourer junglers who were nerfed because of devourer. (Ex. Kayle, Yi, Shyv.)
Cloud Drake is literally useless but at least that's being looked it.
Kayle jungle, despite having the lowest playrate of all other meta Kayle roles, also holds the lowest winrate. clearly showing how underpower she is as a jungler. (Lower playrates offend mean higher winrates.)
Nidalee still has too much in her kit and insane clear speed.
Junglers in general can literally camp lanes (yes, literally) and barely get behind. Thankfully this is kinda being changed with champion kills giving less XP.
Rylai's Crystal Scepter is one of the biggest offenders as an item giving a lot of tankiness with a large chunk of AP and the one of the greatest utility passive in the game, and with the massive amount of CDR most AP champions can permaslow for 40%. Coupled with Liandyr's this is pretty insane.
On the contrary, Luden's Echo is probably one of the worst AP items due to it's low-mid damage on it's passive.
Vlad can heal from 4% HP to 70% in one instance, which is beyond levels on insane. Meanwhile Swain has one of the most annoying laning phases to fight.
GW hasn't been removed or massively lowered in the amount of it so healing can actually be balanced.
Fiora is literally an RNG champion. RNG passive, Riposte based on players ping.
Zyra's passive being able to spawn 2 seeds is another offender of unhealthy RNG. Also similar to Azir.
Aurelion Sol has literally been nerfed despite being not that good of a champion.
Master Yi can still be hit by AoE's and skillshots in Alpha Strike (and die to them), even when Alpha Striking inside a Kindred ultimate.
Graves has both burst, range, assassination, tankiness, and mobility with little trade-off.
Cait's traps are heavily overtunned.
Quinn cancels out melee champions. Kennen is quite similar but not as bad.
Riot has yet to Balance manaless champions properly. Ex. Zed, Riven, Kennen
The game has too much CDR available. In fact, because of CDR being so good, auto attack champions like Jinx, Kayle, Tristana, and Vayne aren't very good (unless you have some "overpowered" item named Rageblade).
Rageblade now sucks on melee champions.
Gunblade isn't a good item anymore because it doesn't work with Rageblade anymore.
The game has too much of a mobility creep.
Mortal Reminder/Executioner's Calling gives GW for free without restriction, making champions like Olaf, Darius, and Aatrox useless once an enemy builds it.
LDR still has a massive 15% bonus damage for a quite low health cap.
Giant Slayer, Seeker's Armguard, and Hexdrinker only build into 1 item, personally I believe they could all have 1 more option for more diversity but also make other champions better.
Phantom Dancer still has a lower cost than the other Zeal items, the best stats, 12% MS and 12% dmg reduction to invalidate bruisers.
Riot still hasn't found a way to balance Kalista, but then again she's a part of the the mobility creep.
Lucian's ultimate is a near perfect perma-kite. Honestly needs a few small changes to make it not.
Varus still can't activate Ghostblade while charging his Q.
They still haven't killed off Armor Pen items being abused on ADC.
Ghostblade still gives 20 armor pen, making the item have an effective 80 AD while still having an insane active.
Duskblade's passive is terrible an killing tanks, despite being made to be an "assassin's answer to tanks".
Death's Dance AoE healing clause makes it terrible on most all champions except Graves, if this clause didn't exist it would be great on Varus.
Irelia's cooldowns, especially the stun, are a bit too low. There's a reason why she's mostly perma ban now thanks to Trinity.
Something is dumb with Hecarim right now, I just don't know what it is exactly but Trinity brought him back.
Banner of Command is outclassed by Locket somehow.
EDIT: Oh yeah, MR itemization was also gutted for practically no reason, which is why mages are so strong right now.
Anything else?
Of course, there have a been a few good changes. The ones to Unholy Grail were fantastic at making a mage support feel more useful.