And where are you getting that Riot isnt banning people who troll? Ive seen people on these board come and complain about "trolling" their games and getting ban for it. What you fail to realize is that one is easier to detect than the other. Toxic behavior can be found by just looking at the chat. Whereas Trolling is such a vague word basically anything you do could be considered to some as trolling because everyone has a different definition to that word.
But with Trolling like for example Feeding. You need to find out that are they actually feeding? Is it Intentional? Are they doing it continuously in all their games? Are they going into to lane just to die? Are they getting camped? Are they just having a bad game? Are they having a Bad Match up? So many questions that could make or break if the person was actually doing what they were doing.
You dont get ban for just having one bad game. This goes for both trolling and being toxic in chat. Hence why you rarely see a chatlog from someone with only one game in it. Riot knows people can lose their cool with one game. its the moment you think you can do it in all (or most) of your games is where they draw the line.
Then its the fact that a lot of people have different definitions on the word. What do you consider as Trolling, or moreso Feeding? To some, people think getting First Blood is feeding or that getting 2 death is feeding. Some people think Supports who get attack items, or Boots other than mobility, or getting kills is consider trolling. Some people think playing a certain champion is trolling. The fact of the matter is with a word that is so vague and different towards everyone makes its harder to find and punish.