On-Hit Effects are like
, they're things that can be applied via basic attacks.
Spell Effects are like
and
, and they are applied by spells.
In general, a spell can only apply one or the other. Since Ezreal's Q applies On-Hit Effects, it doesn't apply Spell Effects. Riot doesn't document this in the game, but they've confirmed this isn't a bug. The only person with a spell that applies both On-Hit and Spell Effects is 
Edit: PS - This is kinda nice for AP Ezreal as far as Luden's Echo goes, since it means that you can't accidentally waste the charge on a minion or monster. You either ensure it hits a champion by using W, or you intentionally opt to use it on minions via E or R.