I'm sorry you're feeling this way, but I hope I can explain some things about how the punishment system works to ease your mind.
First of all, the system does not generally punish based on one game of toxicity. Riot understands sometimes people will say things that they regret, and so things like harassment, generic verbal abuse, accusing people of feeding, asking for reports, and the like will generally not be punished based on one game. If that type of behavior is frequent for someone, they will be punished and if you reported them you will be helping to get them off the Rift.
That being said, there are a few things that are "zero tolerance" - hate speech, racial/sexist slurs, telling someone to kill themselves, etc. Those will usually result in an instant 14 day suspension as punishment immediately after the game. But if they were using some rare or edited slur (ex: putting 1s for the letter I and/or spacing it out), the system may not have caught it. This is where report categories come into play - do not abuse the "hate speech" option as it's what Riot uses to track games in which hate speech is evading the system through some means. If you reported it for hate speech, even if it didn't get caught by the "zero tolerance" system, it will help Riot train said system to better catch it next time.
Lastly, there's really no way for you to reliably know if someone you reported was punished or not. There are punishments outside of bans that are issued - low priority queues for AFKing/other offenses, chat restrictions for toxic communication, even a temporary suspension just until they contact support to discuss their behavior - which would be very short if they contacted support immediately. There's no way for you to reliably determine if someone is issued a chat restriction off of one of your reports unless you happen to get the notification - which does not always appear after a report is punished.
I will also add in that I do tend to see more toxicity at the end of a season and during Preseason - many players who gave up after getting previously punished/reported/banned come back during those times to either try and rank up before the next season, or to try all of the new features. I'd at least recommend you try and stick around until the new season, mute anyone being toxic, and try and find your happy place in League.
Hopefully this helped you understand what is concerning you :) If you have any other questions don't hesitate to ask them here.
