You would not be punished if that was the only game in the history of forever that you left or AFK.
Furthermore, when there are known server issues, loss prevented is turned on and leaverbuster is relaxed. The fact that it was not in this case means that the problems were not (fully) with the servers, but at least partly your computer/internet.
Leaverbuster intentionally doesn't punish for a single game to enable things like this to happen (infrequently) and players never get punished. The fact you got punished likely means that you AFK/left multiple games before, even unintentionally.
My suggestion to you is to open a ticket on support.riotgames.com with all the logs recommended at this link, and ask them to identify any problems that may lead to game issues. Do this so that you can rectify issues and not have to leave in the future.