Lets talk, First off your level 23, im guessing your new or semi-new to this game, so its understandable that you feel bad because of a play that ended bad because of lack of knowledge, In that regard lets talk about next time, Yes you did a bad play and got "flamed" at by your top laner and now im going to ask, are you going to be one of those people who says "He flamed me so im righteous and im one of the chosen riot players" just like the people on this forum or you can search on you tube for specific champion montage/plays/tips/some advice on league knowledge itself which i do believe RIOT/summoners on this forum forget how easy it is to access youtube and view plays made by Pro's and learn from your mistake.
Now lets talk about punishment, if this were ranked i would agree 100% with the top laner for multiple reasons, one reason is that if your level 23 and semi-new you should not be playing ranked (Im assuming they reduced the lvl restriction and did 20 champs needed) Ranked is a serious think i believe riot lacks to understand, every rank, every role is crucial for a team win, if not then why bother playing a game when i get flamed/trolls every other game? i legit could be playing a mmorpg, be more toxic and nothing will happen lolololol...... but again because as you said it yourself "Bad play" now it depends on how you turn the game, in all reality i do assume you did feed the game he flamed or you where playing a champion completely wrong which is ok once more because its not ranked, if it was i would be on the Top lander side because once more, if you do not have a good understanding about a champion's kit do not play ranked.
Also this punishment system will not Help you, its flaw'ed all together and the riot support safe dont care enough to help, so id recommended muting and not even trying to engage in a fight, Report them after game and never see him, but once again RIOT has restriction on what you can say, even saying "Muting ______" will give you a penalty from personal experience.
What am i trying to say in general? This game is unstable, the people who play this game can be toxic, the staff dont care unless you say something and the elo's ranking are busted, should you invest time? up to you but in order to get better you must accept that the top laner said, try to understand what he was implying and improve on your own skills, even playing a game of bots which a lot of these players are "too proud" to do and when someone gives advice like your top laner, toxic or not you should listen because clearly you dont know what u did wrong.