This video/channel could help you with general tips: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXe-zWix4aw
How do I know when it's safe to engage?
Generally, when the enemy is going for a last hit (watch your minion's health bars). Also if they miss important spells (like a Thresh hook), you can trade with them. Also keep in mind that if YOU miss abilities, the enemy will look to trade with you, so you need to hang back for a while.
Can I out trade?
The video I linked should help give you a better idea, but you have many things to consider to determine the answer to this question. (Your level/powerspike, the enemy's level/powerspike, the position of your teammate, etc)
Should i be poking constantly?
No, it's not a brainless activity. You poke when you won't take poke back, or when your poke outweighs theirs, OR they lose CS for poking you.
Should I stay back and do nothing?
Never, unless you are severely behind or they have too much zone control. There are reasons to stay back and do nothing, such as if you are waiting for them to make a mistake, they are more powerful than you, a gank is coming, etc. Don't stay back for no reason or else you will give up lane control and lose the entire lane for being too passive.
Since you say you are feeding, I imagine it happens mostly on engage champs like Naut/Leona. You are probably engaging at bad times, such as when you see an opportunity to land a hook, but you don't consider the position of your ADC. If he's too far away to follow your engage, you will take damage for no reason.
If you're dying a lot on Soraka/Sona/Vel'Koz/etc, you'll have to check your positioning and see if you are taking damage for no reason. Keep in mind if the enemy is busy CSing, you have a chance to poke them with little retaliation towards yourself. Also consider your lane matchups - if you are Sona against Blitz, you don't want to put yourself in danger just to land a Q.