There are quite a lot of nuances in the laning phase, so I will just list some general ones.
**1. AA's draw minion aggro if you are close to minion range. **
This means that you should not AA someone within a minion wave. At level 1, the minions will guarantee do more damage than 1 AA and 1 ability if you don't clear them first.
However, this also means that Ranged champion have a tremendous advantage against melee champions early on. If you can, position yourself to not take aggro and poke whenever you can.
2. Ward the entrances from the Jungle
This is really important. I can't emphasis enough that you should ward the river. Try getting a pink ward every time you back.
3. Manage your minion wave
Don't let the minions push back and forth, control the waves.
Assuming the enemy does now know these general techniques, here is how to control the minion wave.
- Kill enemy minions to push the wave to their tower.
- Leave one or more minions behind, get aggro, walk just in front of your tower range, tank the minions, and let your next wave aggro onto these minions to push the wave towards you . (You can also lead the minions into the river to make your wave miss the enemy's wave.)
- You can bounce your wave off the enemy turret by moving ahead of your minion wave, tank the enemy minions, clear them before the two waves meet, and have your wave clash in to the enemy turret. The wave will then reset to the middle.
Using these strategies, you can manage the minion wave and position yourself to not be vulnerable to ganks. There are many ways to use these basic strategies, for example, if the enemy starts a camp before coming to lane, you use strategy number 2 to lead the minions into the river, so most of your first wave miss the enemy minion wave and clash into the enemy tower, making your opponent miss a wave of CS.
Generally, use strategy one when you want to leave the lane. Use strategy two when you want to deny CS, bait the enemy for a gank, or farm close to turret. Use strategy three if the minions are moving into an unfavorable position and you need the lane reset.
4. Have a general understanding of your opponents kit and how to play around it
Just search up the enemy champion while the game loads, and consider how you will play the match up. Some match ups such as Jax vs Vladimir or Yasuo vs Akali requires immediate level 1 action on Jax/Yasuo's part before they get countered into oblivion. If you miss that opportunity, you will probably lose the lane.
As well, consider what items you will buy. No single build works for every game
5. Don't move pass the mid point of your lane without wards and an advantage over your opponent
If you are past the middle of your lane, that means the enemy can flash into his/her turret if he/she has to, but you can't flash to your own. It leaves you unnecessarily susceptible to ganks. Of course, in some match ups such as against Ezreal, it is probably a good idea to push the lane.
If you find that the lane is constantly getting shoved towards the opposing side and the enemy laner is playing too safe for a kill, just roam to another lane.
For team fighting, it really depends on what champion you are fighting.
Some champions such as Tryndamere are better off split pushing. Just learn and practice a few champions for team fights.
Although a general guide lane is that,
Assassins: 100-0 enemy ADC and cause as much damage before dying
Tanks: Peel off enemies from your carries or engage on enemy carries and lock them down.
ADC: Don't get caught, just attack whatever is the safest.
Mages: Chunk the enemy team with long range spells or provide heavy CC or peel in an engage.
Fighters: Focus enemy carries, or try to distract the enemy team from locking down your carries. (Depends on the champion you are playing.)