The time that is required to get our of any elo depends on yours and the team's performance. If you dominate and carry or someone else, then you can win. ADC is a good role to carry yourself out of bronze. The players in Bronze are relatively not the best players in the game by any means. Therefore, if you are good, enough you can carry yourself out, unless you have your whole team troll and feed to the point where you can't carry. In all honesty, it is up to you and how you perform that will decide how long you will be in Bronze. Some players that are in Silver play like Bronze players, no offensive, but it is a reality.
Most players in lower elo lack in map awareness, game experience and knowledge, and their overall mechanics are below average, in my honest opinion. The attitudes and their toxic behaviour is another story; bashing you when they are not doing any better or even worse, they blame you when it isn't your fault, and just have temper tantrums when they don't win or have it their way. The best thing to do is not to argue with them, mute them if you have no other choice, do not involve yourself in player to player conflicts on your team (you don't need to get involved and you will probably just make it worse.) Just tell them to stop arguing and make constructive criticism. If that fails, just leave them be and just communicate with them about what you need to do in order to win the game.
If you are an ADC main in lower elo, you WILL NEED to carry your support. You need to harass the enemy bot lane and put them at a disadvantage, or they will do it to you. Yes, support skill will vary depending on the player, so you need to ask them their play style and communicate with them before the game starts or before laning phase starts. If the support is doing anything that is lowering your capability to carry then tell them what they need to do in a positive way instead of raging at them. That will not get you anywhere, and you should compliment them when they do anything that get you or your team some kills.
If you compliment them when they are doing good, there will be a higher chance they will get pumped up and keep doing an amazing job. If they are feeling down because they died or mis-played, just cheer them up and tell them you two can do better next time.
For your ADCing, just make sure you can harass them while having good CS. Do not position yourself where they can land cc on you or leave you invulnerable to ganks or bad trades. You can go into a custom game and practice your csing if you are having a hard time. Also, help the support buy wards and place them on the map. The support can only place three greens and one pink on the map at any given time. This is something most players in lower elo do not understand. They believe that warding is only the support's job, which is totally wrong. The more vision your team has, the higher chances you will be able to spot out the enemy team and have the ability to control objectives. UPGRADE YOUR TRINKET WHEN YOU CAN. It is only 250 gold, but it is a life saver. You can either go for the blue orb trinket if your team has enough vision, but if they don't, just upgrade your yellow trinket (the two trinket charges is amazing for 250 gold and will save you a ton of gold, not to mention it is free vision.)
Playing more rank or normals is up to you personally. If you think you are able to continue ranking, then for sure. In my honest opinion, you should play some more normals before ranking. I also think that it was a mistake to rank as soon as you got to level 30 (I did the same thing, bad experience.) You can play a few normals before you start ranking to warm yourself up if anything.
If you are on a losing streak, stop playing for a bit and relax to calm yourself. No reason to keep playing when you are just losing and getting a bit frustrated. I recommend listening to music while you are playing if you aren't already.
Anyways, good luck ranking. You can add me on leagues if you have any more questions. I was Diamond in Season 4 and I am currently unranked in Season 5.
