Aatrox used to be an Ascendant of Shurima, which for all intents and purposes means that the answer is yes. Aatrox and the other Ascended were literally sometimes called 'god-warriors' before they went mad. He's not deified anymore, obviously, but he was once revered as a sacred protector of Shurima, thus he is "a god reduced to a prisoner."
On the topic of quotes as a whole, it's safe to assume that a good majority of quotes in-game are canon (excluding obvious joke taunts/lines.) The only real instances of an unreliable narrator in the game are Aurelion Sol (he claims that the stars are his work alone, when we know there were other Star Dragons) and POSSIBLY Illaoi (because the true nature of Nagakabouros has become a lot more dubious since the Nautilus rewrite and Pyke reveal.) For the most part though, yes, champions do reference canon events in the story through their lines.