On the one hand, I can see where their anger is justified. If I get dropped to almost nothing in a teamfight, I definitely back out, but I stay on the edges of the teamfight, waiting to see if there's something more I can do. After all, your remaining health doesn't mean much if you're not being targeted. My favorite lanes to gank are those with low-health allies as well, because the closer an ally is to dying, the harder an enemy will try to get them. Nobody's going to chase a mage at 100% health when they hear a Sion ult sound out. But they'll chase a mage at 10% health right up until the 5:15 Pain Train pulls into the station that is their face. The key is whether my teammate responds by helping me at the right moment, or continuing to run away. I admittedly don't like the ones who just run. And I have certainly asked them frustrated questions in chat before.
That being said, you can't get banned for getting the hell out of there, because that's just as correct a decision as sticking around and seeing if you can still be useful is.
Just for curiosity's sake--when the enemy team got the quadra, did your team take back any kills? Because with Veigar's stun ring, you might have actually been able to flip the fight around if it was pretty close. Not saying your decision was wrong, mind you. Your team should have gotten out when you did. They probably didn't see you leave. BUT, if the enemy team barely won, then their frustration might be fair, even if the reports aren't.