It is not a yes or no, pass or fail system. Therefor you cannot receive a positive or negative answer. The system is like a spam filter but instead of positive or negative on a single email, it is punishment when a player reaches a certain level.
For example, you may encounter a player that says "KYS (racist word)" once or twice in a match. You report, and you dont get a punishment popup.
From here there are two possibilities:
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Player continues typing things like that in chat, and gets banned. Maybe your report is game #1 or #2 in their chat logs.
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Player never uses chat again but continues to play. No punishment is every issued.
In the second case your report would still be valid. The only thing you could get out of the system would be the weight or score on that single game chat log for the player (at what points the weight or score triggers a punishment only riot knows - I have reported people for saying KYS once in a match and got the popup, but usually they need to say it 3 times at least or no popup). Riot would never release this information as it would allow people to circumvent the system. Sort of like a spammer buying a spam filter, sending themselves spam through it and modifying the spam to bypass the default filter on certain words like viagra, changing it to v1agra, etc.
Just report and move on. The system learns from reports over time through human feedback on the riot side. If certain text is deemed offensive by the community that doesnt currently trigger punishments, Riot will eventually increase the weight or score on that wordage. Such as circumventing chat filter by mispelling racist words and hate speech, swapping letter i for 1 in the N word for example. So your reports do matter in that respect.